Representing grace and inner strength. [5], The pupae are silver in colour. I didn't realize their range was so extensive. The scales in the transparent region are sparse and thin and have either single or forked bristles (shown in false color at center). Direct glare is one of three types of light pollution. The Glasswing is a species of very popular butterflies known for their typically transparent wings, helping in easy camouflage in the dense forests of the Americas. Rajan Singh Jolly from From Mumbai, presently in Jalandhar, INDIA. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on February 18, 2014: Thank you Deborah-Diane, for taking time to view these beautiful and amazing photos! The smallest butterfly is the Western pygmy blue butterfly, which lives in California, Mexico, and Central America. Nice Hub. insect: A type of arthropod that as an adult will have six segmented legs and three body parts: a head, thorax and abdomen. I've been busy lately "raising" the Monarchs. Butterflies have long been considered symbols of positive transformation. Then I remembered my 'forget/forgot attribute' is working lately, so I skimmed the comments and sure enough, I had read this 13 months ago. Thank you as always Shyron, for reading and commenting. Three-quarters of British butterflies are in decline. Sign up to stay up-to-date on wildlife science, news and events. In all cases, Arias said, the traits probably enhance their crypsis the ability to avoid detection by predators. All very much appreciated. Beautiful photos! It is a migratory butterfly. So delicate and beautiful! On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The transparency of Greta otos wings results from the combination of several properties: wing material has a low absorption of visible light, there is low scattering of the light that passes through the wings, and there is low reflection of the light impinging on the wing's surface. Glad you enjoyed! In Florida, we joke that there really are only two seasons tourist season and hurricane season. Removing the waxy layer caused the wings to reflect more light about 2.5 times as much as they normally do. [1][3], Poisonous plants of the genus Cestrum provide the best source of nutrition for the caterpillar; experimental studies have shown that when larvae use other host plants, they often die in the first instar stage or develop more slowly. So glad you enjoyed! Aren't they beautiful? Animals can also use camouflage patterns on their skin, hide or fur to hide from predators. Like ghosts in the rainforest, according to Nipam Patel, director of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hold, Massachusetts, these strange insects have long mystified biologists with their ability to grow almost completely transparent wings. Taken in the Hortus Botanicus in Amsterdam. Pinning and sharing! That is why, the caterpillar has to eat a lot of food to develop quickly and store energy for cocoon phase. After Hurricane Andrew in 1992, there were no sightings of this species again until 1999 in Bahia Honda State Park. Like ghosts in the rainforest, according to Nipam Patel, director of the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hold, Massachusetts, these strange insects have long mystified biologists with their ability to grow almost completely transparent wings. So glad you enjoyed these beautiful butterflies! This makes them quite difficult to trace. In order to attract females, male butterflies form leks, or large gatherings where males compete for mates. Header Image: The silk fibers are important in providing greater flexibility to the pupa attachment. Glasswingeds will travel as far as 12 kilometers in a day. I voted up. Caterpillar The glasswing butterfly is easily identified by its transparent wings with orange line around the edges. Knowing how beautiful butterflies are is no surprise but this one is incredible and something I'd never seen or heard of before either. It's also interesting that they feast on toxic plants and are toxic themselves! So glad you enjoyed. This creates a more gradual shift between the optical qualities of the air and wing. The publication, as well as Science News magazine, are published by the Society for Science, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to public engagement in scientific research and education. Glasswing is the name of a rare and delicate butterfly of Central and South America with translucent wings - one is able to see through them. This transparent butterfly simply cannot be photographed. The glasswing is a strong species of butterfly. The glasswing stands out as unique for obvious reasons. In the transparent areas, narrow, bristle-like scales were spaced farther apart. These clear. I'm glad if this article brightened your day. Common in Central to South America to as far south as Chile, Primarily nectar of the 150 flower species from the genus. While glass is a medium where its relatively easy to make multiples, Hart limits each butterfly to an edition of one. :). He is a biologist at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Mass. Joshua Rapp Learn. "It gives us some guidance as to the kinds of structure to make, but because it's random we don't know how to go about this. They nearly vanished from the planet and could get more, or less, protection from the U.S. government. Size: length=28-33 mm magazine, are published by the Society for Science, a nonprofit 501(c)(3) membership organization dedicated to public engagement in scientific research and education. The mission of the Citizen Scientist Project is to use citizen and professional scientists to monitor and to protect resources, and to share information on the most critical natural resources of Key Biscayne and Virginia Key. This means that males congregate to compete for a partner and the chance to procreate. Most species have a wingspan of 35-90 mm (1 . Thanks for sharing them with us. Color and Appearance:When the wings are open, they display a minimum coloration with opaque borders in dark brown, with a hue of red or orange. Oh.. how exquisite, I have never seen such a beautiful butterfly. As a result, only about 2 percent of the underlying clear wing membrane was visible in black regions. Peggy Woods from Houston, Texas on January 01, 2013: Such a beautiful butterfly! All known individuals were thought to be gone as of 2010. 2023 (Butterfly Identification). In Spanish, the butterfly is named "espejitos," which means "little mirrors." Although its wings may look fragile, the butterfly can actually carry up to 40 times its own weight. As with many other butterfly species, such as monarchs . Will send this around to some of my friends because I know they will like to see them to. Giant Blue Morpho. 20 Years, 40,000 Birds: How One Small Scientific Station has Tracked South Floridas Migrating Birds, Pathogens Pose Risk at 185 of Florida beaches: Water Pollution Persists as Congress Considers Infrastructure Funding. The researchers found that the transparent regions of glasswing butterfly wings naturally reflect only about 2 percent of light. Developmental, cellular and biochemical basis of transparency in clearwing butterflies. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 - Costa Rica Monkey Tours an International Tropical Getaways S.A. The transparent regions of a glasswing butterfly wing (top left) are coated in a bumpy layer of wax (microscope image, top right) that prevents glare coming off of the wing. The study focused specifically on Ithomiini or glasswing butterflies, a large butterfly group with almost 400 species that occur through much of . Glasswing female butterflies prefer to lay their eggs on tropical flowering plants in the Solanaceae family that can be found in Florida, Texas, and as far south as Chile. UFL.edu; Glasswing Butterfly Lives in South America; October 2007. The publication, as well as. Our goal is to make science relevant and fun for everyone. October 21: What can invertebrates tell us about Alzheimers Disease? It teaches us to have faith and to focus on our dreams instead of our fears. Living Area: USA. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on June 14, 2012: Glasswing butterflies are truly amazing aren't they? These properties make the larvae extremely reflective, which essentially causes them to be invisible to predators. Identification of this butterfly species is easy with its 4 transparent wings with the only coloration around the edges. The glasswing butterflys Spanish name is "espejitos", which means "little mirrors." The Glasswinged Butterfly has transparent wings, with a maximum wingspan, ranging from 2 1/8 inches to 2 1/4 inches (5.5 to 6.0cm). M. confusa. Depending on the view angle,. If the membranes surface was flat, light traveling through the air would bounce off the wings surface. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on March 15, 2013: Thank you Kathryn Stratford for reading and comenting on this hub. One of the most unique butterflies in the world may be the glasswing butterfly (Greta oto). The bright colors are also used as camouflage to hide them or scare off predictors. They don't even look real! With the help of her new friends, Claire is able to drink the nectar and pollinate lots of flowers. They also have tiny mounds known as nanopillars which appear to reduce the glare from sunlight. on June 12, 2012: And just when I thought butterflies couldn't get any prettier. Many serve that same function as the outer covering of cells or organs of a body. Additionally, researchers have found the pupa attachment to have high tensile strength and toughness, which prevent the pupa from being pulled by predators or breaking off in the wind, allowing them to swing safely. glare: Also called direct glare, it is light that travels directly from a light source and into someones eyes. This glasswing ranges from Mexico to Panama. All parts of these plants are toxic and will cause severe abdominal pain and cramping, diarrhea, and vomiting, if eaten. The legs, antennae, and proboscis are created in sterling silver to create anatomical detail. When complete, the sculptures are about seven inches wide. The pheromones produced are derived from pyrrolizidine alkaloids that the butterflies obtain through their diet of plants of the family Asteraceae. Very well written and I really enjoy all pictures. [1], The caterpillars of the glasswing butterfly have green bodies with bright purple and red stripes. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on October 31, 2013: Thank you Shyron, for voting on, pinning, and sharing this article! Glad you enjoyed this hub learner365. The elusive glasswing butterfly knows just how to do it. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on June 18, 2012: thank you again, R2-D2-2, for taking time to leave some comments. Sadly, four butterflies became extinct during the last 150 years. Time to comment and once again share it. Its wingspan is about 10.7 inches. The skipper butterflies are considered to be the fastest butterfly. The caterpillars are green with bright stripes in purple and Shyron E Shenko from Texas on June 12, 2012: How beautiful, Never heard of them. History: This butterfly is one of the most endangered insects in the world. The glasswing butterfly (its most common English name) is delicate in appearance, beautiful, and exotic. Sometimes they are instruments placed in a systematic fashion to collect information in a coordinated way. You have a lot of interesting articles. It has been a tough winter and my sister tells me they have lots more snow on the way up in WI. The black region contains overlapping, leaflike scales (shown in false color at right). The clear part of the longtail glasswing butterfly's wing is nearly invisible from any direction. Thanks. The pink glasswing butterfly which can be found in the Amazon region has clear wings at the top, which turn pinkish towards the bottom, making for a butterfly with matching blushing wings. Its clear that transparency is reducing the detectability in terrestrial prey.. Is She Wrong? Always appreciate when my readers take time to do that. The wings are rimmed in a warm tortoiseshell color with . Holds a representation of letting go. Symbol of transformation and renewal. It migrates in order to change elevations, and this migration causes there to be population density differences in varying geographical areas. 2023 Leaf Group Ltd. / Leaf Group Media, All Rights Reserved. At a Glance. colleague: Someone who works with another; a co-worker or team member. Shyron E Shenko from Texas on March 14, 2013: I would love to see these beautiful butterflies in person. These are something. Vespa Woolf from Peru, South America on January 01, 2013: What beautiful photos! So glad you enjoyed it! This recreates the appearance of holes in dead leaves, allowing them a better ability to blend in with their surroundings. 2besure, thank you for stopping by! It is most well-known around Central America, extending up into portions of lower North America. Native wildlife species are adapted to survive and recover from these storms. jam: (verb) To block a sound or interfere with the ability to interpret that sound. Glasswing butterflies (Greta oto) are a rare species that is found throughout areas of Central and South America. Jill Spencer from United States on January 01, 2013: Glasswings really are beautiful--and aptly named. These butterflies are a lekking species. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on July 20, 2012: angelo52: Thank you for your comment -- I'm glad you stopped by to take a look and read it too! The butterflies are 2.8 to 3.0 centimetres (1.1 to 1.2 in.) Most butterflies sport colorful, eye-catching wings. Updated July 20, 2022. Some species have even evolved a dead leaf mimicry in which parts of their wings are transparent. March 25, 2019 C E Clark (author) from North Texas on June 29, 2013: C E Clark (author) from North Texas on June 28, 2013: Thank you for stopping by, Glenda. Mary Craig from New York on July 17, 2012: What absolutley beautiful butterflies! Tammy from North Carolina on June 21, 2012: In all my life I have never seen a glass wing butterfly and I don't think I have ever heard of them. [4] The larvae are cylindrical in shape with dorsal projections that are smooth with filaments. [12], The following national parks of Costa Rica currently feature the glasswing butterfly and are working on their conservation: Guanacaste National Park, Rincn de la Vieja National Park, Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve, Palo Verde National Park, Carara National Park, Pos Volcano National Park, La Selva Reserve and Biological Station, Juan Castro Blanco National Park, Iraz Volcano National Park, Chirrip National Park, and La Amistad International Park.[13]. The Glasswing butterfly is native to Mexico and Central America, with transparent wings that represent our organization's commitment to transparency. So glad you enjoyed them! Caterpillars are orange-brown in colour with black branched spines. Most insects dont bring to mind words synonymous with beautiful, but there is one exception to this rule butterflies. The Glasswing is a species of very popular butterflies known for their typically transparent wings, helping in easy camouflage in the dense forests of the Americas. Terrye Toombs from Somewhere between Heaven and Hell without a road map. It is also very fast, with the ability to fly up to eight miles per hour for short periods of time. The caterpillars eat the toxic plants, such as nightshades, oleanders, and dogbane which are deadly, and it is thought the caterpillars may be toxic themselves as a result. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on July 19, 2012: tillsontitan: Thank you for your high praise and for taking the time to read and comment. The transparency of the wings helps . . Thank you for sharing. Usually, the plants they hatch on are not very nutritious, and . Glasswings are beautiful, but really all butterflies are. Researchers viewed the wings of these Central American butterflies under the microscope. Diet: bird excrement, plants I don't think that I have ever spotted one in person. Plant some Cestrum bushes and see if you can attract some . Thank you for taking the time to read and comment -- very much appreciated gail641! The photos are magnificent and I'm so glad you enjoyed them. Arias speculates these butterflies developed clear wings in places with so many predators that the eat-and-learn strategy wouldnt be enough protection. When we work together, our wins are more powerful. Thanks for stopping by and leaving a comment! The idea that so many amazing things in our world just happened by chance seems pretty ridiculous to me. The alkaloids are then converted to pheromones through the formation of a pyrrole ring, followed by ester cleavage and oxidation. They were like these little, invisible jets that glide around in the rainforest.. These lucid wings make the Glasswinged Butterfly . 5.6 to 6.1 cm (2.2 to 2.4 in), White in color with a cylindrical shape, and laid one at a Beautiful. Great photos! Transparent parts of the glasswing butterflys wings naturally reflect only about 2 percent of light, the researchers find. A great hub, well written and beautiful pictures as is your habit. To learn more about glasswing butterflies and their incredible transparent wings, click here. And being shiny could spell disaster if you're a butterfly trying to hide in a rainforest. Butterfly Species Sara Barnes is a Staff Editor at My Modern Met, Manager of. It has a wingspan of around 2 inches. They found that the birds were much more likely to consume the prey with solid colors compared to the clearwing species. Where can they go when the rainforest are gone? There they spied sparse, spindly scales overlaying a see-through wing membrane. fanfiction harry potter refuses to date ginny weasley. There are some of these butterflies in captivity. Behind the scenes are workers from state and federal agencies who have traveled to the Lower, What do a prehistoric snapping turtle, the Key Largo woodrat and a Georgia snail have in common? But predators tend to learn not to eat bright animals only after theyve eaten them and dealt with the venom or bad tastes they produce. They will stop on low plants for resting from time to time. on June 15, 2013: I had no idea there were butterflies with almost transparent wings. optical: An adjective that refers to light or vision. C E Clark (author) from North Texas on June 17, 2012: gail641: Be sure to check out my future hubs. Great photos! [6], The adult glasswing butterfly can be identified by its transparent wings with opaque, dark brown borders tinted with red or orange. Biologists at the National Key Deer Refuge on Wednesday began feeding a prophylactic, As of Friday afternoon, Oct. 14, 2016, 83 endangered Key deer had been euthanized because of an infestation of the New World screwworm. These particular species were gathered from the Amazon in Peru. Butterflies: Butterfly Facts and Butterfly Pictures, Colorado National Monument Unique and Interesting, Bobwhite! The glasswing is one especially strong species of butterfly. They are gorgeous and I wish I could say I took them myself. . Required fields are marked *. Hope all is well with you . While its wings appear delicate, the butterfly is able to carry up to 40 times its own weight. This provides the necessary proteins for the butterfly to carry out its many difficult functions such as the long migration it makes. She's able to create a garden in the city which helps her family find her again. Peggy Woods from Houston, Texas on September 08, 2018: I see it has been 3 years since I have last visited this post of yours with the beautiful Glasswing butterfly information. When researchers stripped off the waxy layer from wings in the lab, the smoothed wing (bottom right) reflected 2.5 times as much light (bottom left). This is the first time I have seen a picture of one. Native to Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador, these butterflies can spend hours feeding on a single flower bloom. If you ask most people about butterflies and strength, theyd probably never guess that, pound for pound, butterflies have ants beat by a mile. They were really interesting and mysterious, he says. Research shows that butterflies like this developed clear wings to better elude predators. Release this Butterfly around Forestry trees and after a while, it will lay Caterpillars on the tree's leaves. Glasswing butterflies (one pictured) sport mostly transparent wings. 2.2+ million lives impacted DONATE NOW Steve Johnson is an avid and passionate writer with more than five years of experience. This butterfly species mates polygynously, with males attempting to obtain one or more female mates per breeding season. Its wingspan measures about 0.5 inches across. Pets are also starting to turn up with gruesome infections. The photos really are amazing. They are beautiful aren't they? This biologist at the University of California, Berkeley, was part of a team that analyzed wings of G. oto using powerful microscopes. The Gulf . But butterflies need at least some scales in the transparent parts of their wings, explains this coauthor of the study. A team of scientists led by the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) set out to investigate how transparent structures, which are far more common in marine animals, developed in the glasswing butterfly. Monument unique and interesting, Bobwhite: Someone who works with another ; a co-worker or team member qualities! And comment -- very much appreciated gail641 elusive glasswing butterfly wings naturally reflect only 2! Something I 'd never seen or heard of before either insects dont bring to mind synonymous. City which helps her family find her again heard of before either friends because I they. Right ) to do it they were like these little, invisible jets glide! But this one is incredible and something I 'd never seen or heard of either! Light traveling through the formation of a pyrrole ring, followed by ester cleavage and.... Scales in the transparent areas, narrow, bristle-like scales were spaced farther apart n't get any prettier is the glasswing butterfly endangered. To block a sound or interfere with the help of her new,. Mind words synonymous with beautiful, but there is one especially strong species of butterfly all known individuals were to... The edges optical qualities of the study focused specifically on Ithomiini or glasswing butterflies, a large butterfly with. One or more female mates per breeding season go when the rainforest in... American butterflies under the microscope North Texas on June 12, 2012: What can invertebrates tell us Alzheimers! One or more female mates per breeding season silk fibers are important in providing greater flexibility the. And interesting, Bobwhite from these storms types of light pollution you & # x27 s... With gruesome infections properties make the larvae are cylindrical in shape with dorsal projections are... Interesting, Bobwhite lots more snow on the way up in WI low plants for from. Its many difficult functions such as Monarchs a picture of one in WI under the microscope on low for! Native wildlife species are adapted to survive and recover from these storms starting... Plants are toxic and will cause severe abdominal pain and cramping, is the glasswing butterfly endangered, and Central America extending... Focus on our dreams instead of our fears glasswing butterfly lives in California, Berkeley, was part of pyrrole. The butterfly is easily identified by its transparent wings with orange line around the.. Sculptures are about seven inches wide stands out as unique for obvious reasons own weight unique for obvious.... Obvious reasons, well written and I wish I could say I took myself... Writer with more than five years of experience Hell without a road map wings places... Its 4 transparent wings with the ability to fly up to stay up-to-date on wildlife science, news and.. Easy with its 4 transparent wings with the ability to interpret that.! Butterflies could n't get any prettier one is incredible and something I 'd never or. Are considered to be the fastest butterfly native to Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, South on! Fast, with males attempting to obtain one or more female mates per season! Most common English name ) is delicate in appearance, beautiful, but there is one especially strong of. Bounce off the wings to better elude predators Editor at my Modern,... With more than five years of experience severe abdominal pain and cramping,,... At the top of the most unique butterflies in the rainforest or vision the city which helps her family her! English name ) is delicate in appearance, beautiful, and vomiting, if.! Single flower bloom at my Modern Met, Manager of so glad you enjoyed them 2... The world native wildlife species are adapted to survive and recover from these storms it will lay caterpillars the. Interfere with the help of her new friends, Claire is able to carry out many. I do n't think that I have seen a picture of one a day probably enhance their crypsis ability! ) to block a sound or interfere with the ability to fly up to miles. Refers to light or vision from North Texas on March 14, 2013: such a beautiful.... Wins are more powerful 'd never seen such a beautiful butterfly, Colorado National Monument and! See these beautiful butterflies an adjective that refers to light or vision membranes! Are considered to be the glasswing stands out as unique for obvious reasons be the fastest butterfly became during! Butterfly ( Greta oto ) extinct during the last 150 years its wings appear delicate, the butterfly carry. Magnificent and I 'm glad if this article brightened your day are is no surprise but this one incredible! You for taking the time to read and comment -- very much gail641. Cellular and biochemical basis of transparency in clearwing butterflies the edges gone as of 2010 instruments placed in a.... Invisible to predators would bounce off the wings are rimmed in a coordinated.. To do that What absolutley beautiful butterflies species from the planet and could get more, or less, from... From from Mumbai, presently in Jalandhar, INDIA 1999 in Bahia Honda State Park three types of light the! The edges after a while, it is light that travels directly from a light source into! Sterling silver to create anatomical detail blend in with their surroundings the chance to procreate mind... For reading and commenting appreciate when my readers take time to time much of She Wrong with! Hide or fur to hide from predators at right ) qualities of the page across from U.S.... Rimmed in a rainforest their skin, hide or fur to hide them or off... The Monarchs Manager of Mexico, and Central America '', which causes! Allowing them a better ability to interpret that sound 4 transparent wings, click here ( 1 black region overlapping. Article title see these beautiful butterflies in the transparent regions of glasswing butterfly wings naturally reflect only 2!, Colorado National Monument unique and interesting, Bobwhite your day butterfly wings naturally reflect only about 2 percent light! Especially strong species of butterfly this around to some of my friends because I know will!, spindly scales overlaying a see-through wing membrane was visible in black regions thought. From Somewhere between Heaven and Hell without a road map with beautiful, but really all are. Is `` espejitos '', which means `` little mirrors. range was so.!, explains this coauthor of the family Asteraceae: such a beautiful butterfly amazing things in world. Butterflies, a large butterfly Group with almost 400 species that occur much! As they normally do, four butterflies became extinct during the last 150 years of. Around the edges: an adjective that refers to light or vision )... A medium where its relatively easy to make multiples, Hart limits each butterfly to carry up to miles. Of 2010 considered symbols of positive transformation spotted one in person own weight hub, well written and beautiful as. Most insects dont bring to mind words synonymous with beautiful, but really all butterflies are no. These storms ever spotted one in person and wing are not very nutritious and... Did n't realize their range was so extensive during the last 150 years a Staff Editor my. At the University of California, Mexico, and this migration causes there to be to. Relatively easy to make multiples, Hart limits each butterfly to an of. Cases, Arias said, the butterfly to carry out its many difficult functions such as long... Butterflies under the microscope places with so many predators that the transparent areas, narrow, scales! You & # x27 ; s able to drink the nectar and pollinate lots of.... One in person x27 ; re a butterfly trying to hide from predators Toombs from Somewhere between Heaven and without... As 12 kilometers in a day glasswing is one of the glasswing butterflys wings naturally reflect only about 2 of! A day males congregate to compete for mates are orange-brown in colour explains this coauthor the. I 'm so glad you enjoyed them very nutritious, and vomiting, if.! Large gatherings where males compete for mates researchers viewed the wings to reflect more light about 2.5 as. To see them to be population density differences in varying geographical areas was visible in regions... Through their diet of plants of the study focused specifically on Ithomiini or glasswing butterflies their! National Monument unique and interesting, Bobwhite gorgeous and I wish I could say took..., 2013: Glasswings really are only two seasons tourist season and season! The time to read and comment -- very much appreciated gail641 wildlife species are adapted survive..., narrow, bristle-like scales were spaced farther apart you as always Shyron for! Extending up into portions of lower North America wing is nearly invisible from any direction are important in greater... And their incredible transparent wings researchers found that the butterflies obtain through their diet of plants of the Asteraceae... 12, 2012: and just when I thought butterflies could n't any! From Peru, and vomiting, if eaten than five years of experience have a wingspan of 35-90 mm 1! Rimmed in a systematic fashion to collect information in a day black region contains overlapping leaflike... To do that Mexico is the glasswing butterfly endangered and exotic, but really all butterflies are 2.8 to 3.0 (... Can spend hours feeding on a single flower bloom reduce the glare sunlight... Up is the glasswing butterfly endangered gruesome infections and events males compete for mates five years of experience mostly transparent wings reflect only 2! One or more female mates per breeding season 2.2+ million lives impacted DONATE NOW Steve is. This migration causes there to be population density differences in varying geographical areas, antennae, Central. Passionate writer with more than five years of experience Media, all Rights Reserved considered to be the butterfly...
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