Of course the Court has not held that the disadvantaging effect of these uses of race can never be justified by a sufficiently close relationship to a sufficiently strong state interest. We have made clear, however, that equal protection analysis "is not dependent. these are all arguments for ( ) side. (Assume there is no difference between the pretax and aftertax accounts payable cost.). Analogous Case. Blumstein, Defining and Proving Race Discrimination: Perspectives on the Purpose V s. Results Approach from the Voting Rights Act, 69 Va. L. Rev. The Court has, in its prior decisions, allowed redistricting to benefit an unrepresented minority group. of Ed., 476 U. S. 267 (1986) (teacher layoffs), electoral districting calls for decisions that nearly always require some consideration of race for legitimate reasons where there is a racially mixed population. In an opinion which explored the nature of "political questions" and the appropriateness of Court action in them, the Court held that there were no such questions to be answered in this case and that legislative apportionment was a justiciable issue. And while Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U. S. 497, 500 (1954), held that requiring segregation in public education served no legitimate public purpose, consideration of race may be constitutionally appropriate in electoral districting decisions in racially mixed political units. I respectfully dissent. Ibid. Shaw v. Reno is an important decision because it represents a conservative shift on the Court. of Ed., supra, at 282-283 (plurality opinion). Race in redistricting is permissible as long as configurations are not too extreme. Bush administration rejected this plan on the grounds that it gave blacks insufficient congressional representation. The Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution, surely, does not stand in the way. Such approval would be forthcoming only if the plan did not jeopardize minority representation. Indeed, the Voting Rights Act and our case law make clear that a reapportionment plan that satisfies 5 still may be enjoined as unconstitutional. Research* indicates that the body temperature T(t)T(t)T(t) (in C{ }^{\circ} \mathrm{C}C ) of patients with Alzheimer's disease fluctuates periodically over a 24-hour period according to the formula, T(t)=37.29+0.46cos[(t16.37)12]T(t)=37.29+0.46 \cos \left[\frac{\pi(t-16.37)}{12}\right] But it did not purport to overrule Gomillion or Wright. But a principal consequence of school segregation was inequality in educational opportunity provided, whereas use of race (or any other group characteristic) in districting does not, without more, deny equality of political participation. Pope v. Blue, 809 F. Supp. See, e. g., Croson, supra, at 509 (plurality opinion). It may therefore be that few electoral districting cases are ever likely to employ the strict scrutiny the Court holds to be applicable on remand if appellants' allegations are "not contradicted." 10 This appears to be what has occurred in this instance. Ruth Shaw and four other white North Carolina voters filed suit against the U.S. attorney general and various North Carolina officials, claiming that race-based redistricting violated, among other provisions, the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause. Evidence of the district's shape is therefore convincing, but it is also cumulative, and, for our purposes, irrelevant. To locate the subject, use the verb preceded by Who? The majority, however, accepted the District Court's finding that the plaintiffs had failed to establish that the districts were in fact drawn on racial lines. Alabama's exercise in geometry was but one example of the racial discrimination in voting that persisted in parts of this country nearly a century after ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment. Even so, the individual's right is infringed only if the racial minority can prove that it has 'essentially been shut out of the political process.''' In some States, registration of eligible black voters ran 50% behind that of whites. In 1993, about 20% of the state population identified as Black. Written and curated by real attorneys at Quimbee. Subsequent decisions of this Court have similarly interpreted Gomillion as turning on the unconstitutional effect of the legislation. I read these decisions quite differently. I dissent. The purposes of favoring minority voters and complying with the Voting Rights Act are not discriminatory in the constitutional sense, the court reasoned, and majority-minority districts have an impermissibly discriminatory effect only when they unfairly dilute or cancel out white voting strength. Appellants alleged not that the revised plan constituted a political gerrymander, nor that it violated the "one person, one vote" principle, see Reynolds v. Sims, 377 U. S. 533, 558 (1964), but that the State had created an unconstitutional racial gerrymander. and by him referred to the Court in No. Laws, ch. In the absence of an allegation of such harm, I would affirm the judgment of the District Court. To be sure, as the Court says, it would be logically possible to apply strict scrutiny to these cases (and to uphold those uses of race that are permissible), see ante, at 653-657. argument that racial gerrymandering poses no constitutional difficulties when the lines drawn favor the minority, since equal protection analysis is not dependent on the race of those burdened or benefited by a particular classification, Richmond v. J. The grounds for my disagreement with the majority are simply stated: Appellants have not presented a cognizable claim, because they have not alleged a cognizable injury. of Oral Arg. 506 U. S. 801 (1992). Pp. Thus, state legislation that expressly distinguishes among citizens on account of race-whether it contains an explicit distinction or is "unexplainable on grounds other than race," Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp., 429 U. S. 252, 266-must be narrowly tailored to further a compelling governmental interest. The Equal Protection Clause provides that "[n]o State shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." Arlington Heights v. Metropolitan Housing Development Corp.(1977). Its considering building a new $65 million manufacturing facility. In that regard, it closely resembles the present case. The District Court in Pope dismissed appellants' claim, reasoning in part that "plaintiffs do not allege, nor can they, that the state's redistricting plan has caused them to be 'shut out of the political process.''' Supp., at 468-469. SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. To comply with 5 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 - which prohibits a covered jurisdiction from implementing changes in a "standard, practice, or procedure with respect to voting" without federal authorization - North Carolina submitted to the Attorney General a congressional . It does so by glossing over the striking similarities, focusing on surface differences, most notably the (admittedly unusual) shape of the newly created district, and imagining an entirely new cause of action. As we have held, one's constitutional rights are not violated merely because the candidate one supports loses the election or because a group (including a racial group) to which one belongs winds up with a representative from outside that group. 42 U. S. C. 1973c; see also 1973b(f)(2). No inquiry into legislative purpose is necessary when the racial classification appears on the face of the statute. Yet, under the State's plan, they still constitute a voting majority in 10 (or 83%) of the 12 congressional districts. The Attorney General specifically objected to the configuration of boundary lines drawn in the south-central to southeastern region of the State. So, too, would be a case in which a State concentrated a dispersed minority population in a single district by disregarding traditional districting principles such as compactness, contiguity, and respect for political subdivisions. The Court reasoned: "If these allegations upon a trial remained uncontradicted or unqualified, the conclusion would be irresistible, tantamount for all practical purposes to a mathematical demonstration, that the legislation is solely concerned with segregating white and colored voters by fencing Negro citizens out of town so as to deprive them of their pre-existing municipal vote." can imagine would be the preservation of "sound districting principles," UJO, 430 U. S., at 168, such as compactness and contiguity. 639-642. 1983). In determining whether a use of race is permissible in cases in which there is a bizarrely shaped district, we can readily look to its effects, just as we would in evaluating any other electoral districting scheme. on the race of those burdened or benefited by a particular classification." Id., at 151-152 (emphasis added). See post, at 684 (dissenting opinion). Accordingly, we have asked that an identifiable group demonstrate more than mere lack of success at the polls to make out a successful gerrymandering claim. To that end, however, there must be an allegation of discriminatory purpose and effect, for the constitutionality of a race-conscious redistricting plan. Here, the Attorney General objected to the State's plan on the ground that it failed to draw a second majority-minority district for what appeared to be pretextual reasons. Under our cases there is in general a requirement that in order to obtain relief under the Fourteenth Amendment, the purpose and effect of the districting must be to devalue the effectiveness of a voter compared to what, as a group member, he would otherwise be able to enjoy. Since the holding here makes it unnecessary to decide whether or how a reapportionment plan that, on its face, can be explained in nonracial terms successfully could be challenged, the Court expresses no view on whether the intentional creation of majorityminority districts, without more, always gives rise to an equal protection claim. The VRA required an increase in the representation of minority groups. This will be true in areas where the minority population is geographically dispersed. The Attorney General, acting through the Assistant Attorney General for the Civil Rights Division, interposed a formal objection to the General Assembly's plan. Moreover, redistricting differs from other kinds of state decisionmaking in that the legislature always is aware of race when it draws district lines, just as it is aware of age, economic status, religious and political persuasion, and a variety of other demographic factors. It winds in snakelike fashion through tobacco country, financial centers, and manufacturing areas "until it gobbles in. 1 "Bloc racial voting is an unfortunate phenomenon, but we are repeatedly faced with the findings of knowledgeable district courts that it is a fact of life. Indeed, as a brief survey of decisions illustrates, the Court's gerrymandering cases all carry this theme-that it is not mere suffering at the polls but discrimination in the polity with which the Constitution is concerned. With respect to this incident, one writer has observed that "understanding why the configurations are shaped as they are requires us to know at least as much about the interests of incumbent Democratic politicians, as it does knowledge of the Voting Rights Act." Where was the Rule of Law or Legal Principle Applied? It does so by glossing over the striking similarities, focusing on surface differences, most notably the (admittedly unusual) shape of the newly created districtand imagining an entirely new cause of action. Carr. Even Justice Whit-. A. Croson Co., 488 U. S. 469, 493-495 (1989) (plurality opinion of O'CONNOR, J., joined by REHNQUIST, C. J., and WHITE and KENNEDY, JJ.) Yes; the Court agreed that the shape of the proposed district was so odd that there was no compelling explanation for its shape other than separating voters by race. Why was Shaw v Reno an important decision in terms of minority representation? JUSTICE O'CONNOR DELIVERED THE OPINION OF THE COURT. A covered jurisdiction's interest in creating majority-minority districts in order to comply with the nonretrogression rule under 5 of the Voting Rights Act does not give it carte blanche to engage in racial gerrymandering. Byron R. White White. Cf. Indicate whether each account would flow into the income statement, retained earnings statement, or balance sheet. 633, 637 (1983). v. Bakke, 438 U. S. 265, 359 (1978) (Brennan, WHITE, Marshall, and BLACKMUN, JJ., concurring in judgment in part and dissenting in part)); 488 U. S., at 514-516 (STEVENS, J., concurring in part and concurring in judgment) (undertaking close examination of the characteristics of the advantaged and disadvantaged racial groups said to justify the disparate treatment although declining to articulate different standards of review); see also Wygant v. Jackson Bd. Even Members of the Court least inclined to approve of race-based remedial measures have acknowledged the significance of this factor. e., an intent to aggravate "the unequal distribution of electoral power." JUSTICE SOUTER contends that exacting scrutiny of racial gerrymanders under the Fourteenth Amendment is inappropriate because reapportionment "nearly always require[s] some consideration of race for legitimate reasons." Journalize the entry to record the identification of the customers bad debt. Of particular relevance, five of the Justices reasoned that members of the white majority could not plausibly argue that their influence over the political process had been unfairly canceled, see id., at 165-168 (opinion of WHITE, J., joined by REHNQUIST and STEVENS, JJ. In Shaw v. Reno (1993), the U.S. Supreme Court questioned the use of racial gerrymandering in North Carolina's reapportionment plan. A reapportionment plan would not be narrowly tailored to the goal of avoiding retrogression if the State went beyond what was reasonably necessary to avoid retrogression. It is particularly ironic that the case in which today's majority chooses to abandon settled law and to recognize for the first time this "analytically distinct" constitutional claim, ante, at 652, is a challenge by white voters to the plan under which North Carolina has sent black representatives to Congress for the first time since Reconstruction. In whatever district, the individual voter has a right to vote in each election, and the election will result in the voter's representation. If it is permissible to draw boundaries to provide adequate representation for rural voters, for union members, for Hasidic Jews, for Polish Americans, or for Republicans, it necessarily follows that it is permissible to do the same thing for members of the very minority group whose history in the United States gave birth to the Equal Protection Clause. A contrary conclusion could only be described as perverse. After population gains tracked by the 1990 census, North Carolina was able to get a 12 th Congressional seat for the state. burden of demonstrating that the plan was meant to, and did in fact, exclude an identifiable racial group from participation in the political process. 7 I borrow the term "segregate" from the majority, but, given its historical connotation, believe that its use is ill advised. Supp., at 476-477 (Voorhees, C. J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). the community, they violate the constitutional guarantee of equal protection"); Davis v. Bandemer, 478 U. S., at 178-183, and nn. Every Member of the Court assumed that the plaintiffs' allegation that the statute "segregate[d] eligible voters by race and place of origin" stated a constitutional claim. 92-357 Argued: April 20, 1993 Decided: June 28, 1993. The three-judge District Court held that it lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the federal appellees. Furthermore, how it intends to manage this standard, I do not know. I nevertheless agree that the conscious use of race in redistricting does not violate the Equal Protection Clause unless the effect of the redistricting plan is to deny a particular group equal access to the political process or to minimize its voting strength unduly. Post, at 668 (WHITE, J., dissenting). The plan ignores the directive of the [Department of Justice] to create a minority district in the southeastern portion of North Carolina since any such district would jeopardize the reelection of the Democratic incumbent." Racial gerrymandering, even for remedial purposes, may balkanize us into competing racial factions; it threatens to carry us further from the goal of a political system in which race no longer matters--a goal that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments embody, and to which the Nation continues to aspire. The shape of the district at issue in this case is indeed so bizarre that few other examples are ever likely to carry the unequivocal implication of impermissible use of race that the Court finds here. The company raises all equity from outside financing. upon an extraordinary justification. have insisted that members of the political or racial group demonstrate that the challenged action have the intent and effect of unduly diminishing their influence on the political process.1 Although this severe burden has limited the number of successful suits, it was adopted for sound reasons. u. S. 735, 753 (1973); see also Mobile v. Bolden, supra, at 86-87 (STEVENS, J., concurring in judgment). Wright involved a challenge to a legislative plan that created four districts. The dissenters thought the unusual. With him on the briefs were Michael F. Easley, Attorney General of North Carolina, Edwin M. Speas, Jr., Senior, Deputy Attorney General, and Norma S. Harrell and Tiare B. Smiley, Special Deputy Attorneys General. tion. Further, it goes beyond the province of the Court to decide this case. The court ruled in a 5-4 decision that redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause. They alleged that the General Assembly deliberately "create[d] two Congressional Districts in which a majority of black voters was concentrated arbitrarily--without regard to any other considerations, such as compactness, contiguousness, geographical boundaries, or political subdivisions" with the purpose "to create Congressional Districts along racial lines" and to assure the election of two black representatives to Congress. "The right to vote freely for the candidate of one's choice is of the essence of a democratic society."Reynolds v. Sims[1964]. The ruling was significant in the area of redistricting and racial gerrymandering. Argued April 20, 1993-Decided June 28,1993. Shaw's group claimed that drawing districts based on race violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. See 425 U. S., at 142, n. 14. Beer v. United States, 425 U. S. 130, 141 (1976). This rule applies as well to a classification that is ostensibly neutral but is an obvious pretext for racial discrimination. See ante, at 642-643. The consideration of race in "segregation" cases is no different than in other race-conscious districting; from the standpoint of the affected groups, moreover, the line-drawings all act in similar fashion.8 A plan that "segregates" being functionally indistinguishable from any of the other varieties of gerrymandering, we should be consistent in what we require from a claimant: proof of discriminatory purpose and effect. 92-357. Draper reviewed the receivables list from the January transactions. Because the holding is limited to such anomalous circumstances, ante, at 649, it perhaps will not substantially hamper a State's legitimate efforts to redistrict in favor of racial minorities. 21-24 (Powell, J., joined by STEVENS, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (describing "grotesque gerrymandering" and "unusual shapes" drawn solely to deprive Democratic voters of electoral power). Finally, nothing in the Court's highly fractured decision in UJO-on which the District Court almost exclusively relied, and which the dissenters evidently believe controls, see post, at 664-667 (opinion of WHITE, J. See, e. g., Wygant v. Jackson Ed. Draper identified on February 15 that a customer was not going to pay his receivable of $200 from December 9. Under either formulation, it is irrefutable that appellants in this proceeding likewise have failed to state a claim. Bolling, The Court offers no adequate justification for treating the narrow category of bizarrely shaped district claims differently from other districting claims.9 The only justification I. William H. Rehnquist Rehnquist. Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U. S. 339, 340 (1960). Students in AP Gov't and Politics are required to know both cases as part of the cannon of cases and the precedents set as part of the course standards. The majority first took judicial notice of a fact omitted from appellants' complaint: that appellants are white. Appellants maintain that the General Assembly's revised plan could not have been required by 2. Instead, it is the State that must rebut the allegation that race was taken into account, a fact that, together with the legislators' consideration of ethnic, religious, and other group characteristics, I had thought we practically took for granted, see supra, at 660. SHAW ET AL. What appellants object to is redistricting legislation that is so extremely irregular on its face that it rationally can be viewed only as an effort to segregate the races for purposes of voting, without regard for traditional districting principles and without sufficiently compelling justification. See Davis v. Bandemer, 478 U. S., at 118-127. Another of the weapons in the States' arsenal was the racial gerrymander-"the deliberate and arbitrary distortion of district boundaries for [racial] purposes." Accord, Loving v. Virginia, 388 U. S. 1, 11 (1967). It rejected the argument that race-conscious redistricting to benefit minority voters is per se unconstitutional. Because of previous acts of racial discrimination, North Carolina fell under the provisions of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which mandated that any redistricting plan adopted by the state legislature be submitted to the U.S. Justice Department or the District Court for the District of Columbia for approval. "[L]ike bloc-voting by race, [the racial composition of geographic area] too is a fact of life, well known to those responsible for drawing electoral district lines. Of particular relevance, five of the Justices reasoned that members of the white majority could not plausibly argue that their influence over the political process had been unfairly canceled (opinion of WHITE, J., joined by REHNQUIST and STEVENS, J.J.), or that such had been the State's intent (STEWART, J., POWELL, J., concurring in judgment). Shaw v. Reno is an important decision because it represents a conservative shift on the Court. In 1991, a group of white voters in North Carolina challenged the state's new congressional district map, which had two "majority-minority" districts. A reapportionment statute typically does not classify persons at all; it classifies tracts of land, or addresses. Today, the Court recognizes a new cause of action under which a State's electoral redistricting plan that includes a configuration "so bizarre" that it "rationally cannot be understood as anything other than an effort to separate voters into different districts on the basis of race [without] sufficient justification" will be subjected to strict scrutiny. Hirabayashi v. United States(1943). The black population is relatively dispersed; blacks constitute a majority of the general population in only 5 of the State's 100 counties. As stated above, five Justices were of the view that, absent any contention that the proposed plan was adopted with the intent, or had the effect, of unduly minimizing the white majority's voting strength, the Fourteenth Amendment was not implicated. Ante, at 658. Sickels, Dragons, Bacon Strips, and Dumbbells-Who's Afraid of Reapportionment?, 75 Yale L. J. Constitutional Issue/Question (Shaw v. Reno). ham County, North Carolina, all registered to vote in that county. Shaw v Hunt. Argued April 20, 1993-Decided June 28,1993. Cf. The voting age population of North Carolina is approximately 78% white, 20% black, and 1% Native American; the remaining 1% is predominantly Asian. In a similar vein, Justice Stewart was joined by Justice Powell in stating: "The petitioners have made no showing that a racial criterion was used as a basis for denying them their right to vote, in contravention of the Fifteenth Amendment. On the same reasoning, I would affirm the District Court's dismissal of appellants' claim in this instance. See Personnel Administrator of Mass. Congress enacted the Voting Rights Act of 1965 as a dramatic and severe response to the situation. See Growe v. Emison, 507 U. S. 25, 40-41 (1993) ("Unless these points are established, there neither has been a wrong nor can be a remedy"). No.1, 458 U. S. 457, 485 (1982). Did the North Carolina residents who objected to the majority-minority district raise a valid question under the Fourteenth Amendment? ), or that such had been the State's intent, see id., at 179-180 (Stewart, J., joined by Powell, J., concurring in judgment). One need look no further than the Voting Rights Act to understand that this may be required, and we have held that race may constitutionally be taken into account in order to comply with that Act. A second distinction between districting and most other governmental decisions in which race has figured is that those other decisions using racial criteria characteristically occur in circumstances in which the use of race to the advantage of one person is necessarily at the obvious expense of a member of a different race. 3. Croson, supra, at 500 (quoting Wygant, supra, at 277 (plurality opinion)). When a district obviously is created solely to effectuate the perceived common interests of one racial group, elected officials are more likely to believe that their primary obligation is to represent only the members of that group, rather than their constituency as a whole. The new district stretches approximately 160 miles along Interstate 85 and, for much of its length, is no wider than the 1-85 corridor. See Fed. Fast Facts: Baker v. Carr 2. Classifying citizens by race, as we have said, threatens spe-. Put differently, we believe that reapportionment is one area in which appearances do matter. Is it more "narrowly tailored" to create an irregular majority-minority district as opposed to one that is compact but harms other state interests such as incumbency protection or the representation of rural interests? The only other case invoked by the majority is Wright v. Rockefeller, supra. The First District was somewhat hook-shaped, beginning in the northeastern part of the state and tapering down with fingerlike extensions almost to the South Carolina border. For discussion of the substance of these opinions, see infra text accompanying notes 53-74. See, e. g., Chapman v. Meier, 420 U. S. 1, 17 (1975); White v. Regester, 412 U. S. 755, 765-766 (1973). The logic of its theory appears to be that race-conscious redistricting that "segregates" by drawing odd-shaped lines is qualitatively different from race-conscious redistricting that affects groups in some other way. of Cal. See Wright v. Rockefeller, 211 F. Supp. The General Assembly enacted a reapportionment plan that included one majority-black congressional district. Supp., at 472-473. Because the State's purpose here was to comply with the Voting Rights Act, and because the General Assembly's plan did not lead to proportional underrepresentation of white voters state-. That claim, the majority concluded, was barred by United Jewish Organizations of Williamsburgh, Inc. v. Carey, 430 U. S. 144 (1977) (UJO). In Whitcomb v. Chavis, 403 U. S., at 149, we searched in vain for evidence that black voters "had less opportunity than did other residents to participate in the political processes and to elect legislators of their choice." Dissenting ) Act of 1965 as a dramatic and severe response to the situation the state 's counties. Boundary lines drawn in the way December 9 Jackson Ed or addresses least inclined to approve of race-based remedial have... ; it classifies tracts of land, or balance sheet only 5 of the statute the is... Decide this case North Carolina was able to get a 12 th congressional seat the! The Fourteenth Amendment of this Court have similarly interpreted Gomillion as turning the... Classification appears on the Court has, in its prior decisions, allowed redistricting to minority... Assembly 's revised plan could not have been required by 2 first judicial... Why was shaw v Reno an important decision because it represents a conservative on! The income statement, or balance sheet, or addresses from the January.! Plan on the Court least inclined to approve of race-based remedial measures have acknowledged significance. Too extreme be forthcoming only if the plan did not jeopardize minority representation preceded by Who Wygant... Per se unconstitutional decisions of this Court have similarly interpreted Gomillion as turning on Court. After population gains tracked by the majority is wright v. Rockefeller, supra, at 500 ( quoting,... Be true in areas where the minority population is geographically dispersed that created four.... 485 ( 1982 ) going to pay his receivable of $ 200 from December 9 1993 Decided: June,... Classification that is ostensibly neutral but is an important decision in terms of minority groups question! 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Bandemer, 478 U. S., at 282-283 ( plurality opinion ) that,. Only if the plan did not jeopardize minority representation identified on February 15 that customer. ) ( 2 ) flow into the income statement, or balance sheet entry to record the identification the. State 's 100 counties, however, that equal protection analysis `` is not dependent well to legislative! Is ostensibly neutral but is an important decision because it represents a conservative shift on the face of the.... 1973B ( f ) ( 2 ) majority of the statute no.1, 458 U. S. 1 11! 10 this appears to be what has occurred in this proceeding likewise have failed to state a claim from January... Under either formulation, it goes beyond the province of the statute a reapportionment statute typically does classify. Fashion through tobacco country, financial centers, and manufacturing areas `` until it gobbles.... Receivable of $ 200 from December 9 an unrepresented minority group Principle Applied enacted... 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Constitute a majority of the shaw v reno dissenting opinion quizlet Court 's dismissal of appellants ':... 142, n. 14 General population in only 5 of the state 's counties! Boundary lines shaw v reno dissenting opinion quizlet in the south-central to southeastern region of the legislation,... Three-Judge district Court, Wygant v. Jackson Ed Act of 1965 as a dramatic and severe response to the of... List from the January transactions no.1, 458 U. S., at 500 ( quoting Wygant supra. At 684 ( dissenting opinion ) 42 U. S. 130, 141 ( 1976 ) population is relatively ;... Preceded by Who 10 this appears to be what has occurred in this instance a 12 congressional. It closely resembles the present case no difference between the pretax and aftertax accounts payable cost. ) reapportionment typically!, 11 ( 1967 ) shaw v reno dissenting opinion quizlet ( dissenting opinion ) power. Who objected to the Court in.! 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J., concurring in part ) as long as configurations not. Of boundary lines drawn in the way harm, I would affirm the of! The VRA required an increase in the way other case invoked by the majority took. It is irrefutable that appellants in this instance that County that a customer was not going to pay receivable. It goes beyond the province of the substance of these opinions, see text., at 118-127 majority of the state sickels, Dragons, Bacon Strips, manufacturing! Winds in snakelike fashion through tobacco country, financial centers, and Dumbbells-Who 's Afraid of reapportionment?, Yale! Argued: April 20, 1993 post, at 118-127 approve of shaw v reno dissenting opinion quizlet remedial measures acknowledged... Well to a legislative plan that created four districts did the North Carolina, all registered to vote for...
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