Cross-cultural examination of measurement invariance of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. It is simply meant as a tool to help gauge the symptoms that are being experienced, and the therapist, counselor, or psychologist is meant . The psychometric properties of the BDI-SF have been examined in French (Cathebras, Mosnier, Levy, Bouchou, & Rousset, 1994) and Brazilian (Furlanetto, Mendlowicz, & Bueno, 2005) samples. Individuals with low education and some Spanish speakers have difficulty with the response format. Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. In contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models fitted well to the data. (2004). Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). Once a person completes the short questionnaire, the scoring is straightforward and simple. In order to assess the effect size of these differences, Cohen's d was calculated, with values around .30 considered as small effects, values around .50 as medium effects and values greater than .80 as large effects [53]. Journal of Personality Assessment, 77, 568-580. Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. This is a copyrighted measure. As a whole, these indices allow us to conclude in favor of the existence of an orthogonal general depression factor that substantially explains the variability in the items. This population consisted of 317 females and 183 males; 91% Caucasian, 4% African American, 4% Asian American, and 1% Latino. Items receiving low Specificity ratings included item 11 (Agitation), item 19 (Concentration Difficulty), and item 21 (Loss of Interest in Sex). (2005). Read our. (2018, February 3). The following questionnaire links are for the private use of our lab only. In this case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is compared with /(ni + 1) for rejection. Criterion validity, severity cut scores, and test-retest reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in a university counseling center sample. The BDI has also been found to be related to the Adolescent Dissociative Experiences Survey and to a measure of alexithymia in a sample of Turkish adolescents (Sayar, Kose, Grabe, & Murat, 2005). No, Is the Subject Area "Psychometrics" applicable to this article? Scores on BDI-II discriminated between clinical and general population, supporting for external validity. The measure has been found to be useful in detecting change in treatment-outcome studies. If you can't afford to buy products in bulk then it is worth using drop shipping until you have made enough money to keep the . Sanz, Perdign, & Vsquez (2003) examined the psychometrics of the Spanish adaptation of the BDI-II with 470 non-clinical adults. Since Mardias kurtosis multivariate coefficient was 338.70 thus indicating a significant deviation from multivariate normality according to benchmarks [47]the Asymptotic Distribution-Free method was used for model estimation. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge (2004) studied the content validity of the BDI-II by having 10 experts rate the relevance and specificity of items for DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorders. The scoring scale is at the end of the questionnaire. Manual for the Beck Depression Inventory-II. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. Bleiberg, K.L., & Markowitz, J.C. (2005). (2014, January 28). A PsychInfo search (6/05) for "Beck Depression Inventory" or BAI anywhere revealed that the BDI has been referenced in 9,013 peer-reviewed journal articles. The British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 41, 361-374. Project administration, * E-mail: zgarcia@pucmm.edu.do, zoiloegarcia@gmail.com. The BDI-II can be administered orally by an examiner to those with reading difficulties or problems with concentration. Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. The procedure used to determine the cut scores may increase the likelihood of false positives or overdiagnoses of depression among clients. Hierarchical models are represented by a group of strategies that examine the plausibility of a general factor as a higher-order structure to explain the variance of the dimensions. This site was built using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the University of Wisconsin System. Clinicians use it as a diagnostic tool to determine what level of treatment a person needs for depression. Although the Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory are two of the most widely used instruments for assessing depressive and anxious symptoms in both clinical and nonclinical populations, their cross-cultural reliability and validity have yet to be fully established. The Beck Anxiety Inventory or (BAI), is a self-report test that contains 21 multiple-choice questions (Likert scale from 0 to 3 in terms of how severe you perceive the symptom) and it is used to measure anxiety symptoms (severity and level) that an . Clinical Assessment s The Beck Depression Inventory . Psychiatry Research, 110, 291-299. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Multimethod validation of the Beck Depression Inventory and Grossman Cole Depression Inventory with an inpatient sample. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Reference Beck, Ward, Mendelson, Mock and Erbaugh 1 and its revised version (BDI-II) are some of the most frequently used self-rating scales for measuring the severity of depressive symptoms. 2. Depression InventoryII (BDIII) [5]. 7. Legal Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition and Criminological Psychology, 7, 187-201. Pearson Assessments. Emotion, 5(1), 103-112. Dictionary . Interpretation is based on raw scores only. Affiliation The idea of depression as it is supported by cognitive impairment has a specific program in psychotherapy (CBT), which plans to challenge and kill them in ways, for example, by cognitive restructuring. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was twofold. The BDI can be used for ages 13 to 80. Braz J Psychiatry. The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . www.ub.uib.no/elpub/2001/h/308003/Hovedoppgave.pdf. No, Is the Subject Area "Cross-cultural studies" applicable to this article? Psychological Assessment, 16(2), 120-132. Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire. Cons: 1. The BDI-II is a great tool for diagnosing depression, but it is not a device that is meant to be used in replace of diagnosing depression. No, Is the Subject Area "Primary care" applicable to this article? It has been used in multiple studies, including in treatment-outcome studies for individuals who have experienced traumas. Although the age range for the measure is from 17 to 80, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents . Website feedback, questions or accessibility issues: schneck2@wisc.edu. Steer, R.A., Clark, D.A., Beck, A.T., & Ranieri, W.F. Beck Anxiety Inventory: an overview. A psychometric evaluation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II. References. Contreras, S., Fernanedez, Senaida, Malcarne, V.L., Ingram, R.E., & Vaccarino, V.R. Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. The items are grouped into four categories: Researchers have identified several potential limitations of using the BDI in the measurement of depression. Published 2020 Apr 20. doi:10.1038/s41398-020-0787-9. The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSM-IV criteria for depression. STUDIES WITH OTHER CULTURAL GROUPS AND DIVERSE POPULATIONS. Journal of Affective Disorders, 86(1), 87-91. Factor analysis of the BDI-II has generally identified a 2-factor structure in adult outpatient and non-clinical samples, measuring cognitive-affective and somatic depressive symptoms (Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg, 1998; Storch, Roberti, & Roth, 2004). According to the World Health Organization [3] depression is the leading cause of years lived with disability (YLD), and the most prevalent disorder among serious psychiatric disorders in primary care setting. For the purpose of providing validity evidence with external variables, the BDI-II scores of the general population (N = 797) and the hospital population (N = 243) were compared, using Student's t-tests with Holm-Bonferroni correction (Table 3). There are multiple studies examining the reliability and validity of the BDI-II with other cultural groups). Background: The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties and good performance as a screening measure in different contexts and languages. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II), created by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. Additionally, more sophisticated analysis into the BDI-II factor structure including hierarchical and bifactor models have been tested. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11(2), 99-112. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.s001. Is There a Link Between Diabetes and Depression? Depression is a common condition affecting people of all ages and races [], with high prevalence among youngsters in Latin America [2-4].Early onset depression is of interest because of the need to identify early cases of depression and potentially prevent or reduce consequences later in life [5, 6].Between 20% to 33% of those who meet criteria for the diagnosis of lifetime major depression . Roles 2016;13(3):220-228. doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, By Arlin Cuncic (2003). The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline can be reached at 1-800-273-8255, and is available 24/7. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. Depression is a common mood disorder that affects individualfunctioning individual functioning across different domains. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 315-320. Psychometric characteristics of the Beck Depression Inventory II with college students of diverse ethnicity. If you are concerned about your level of depression, there are many resources available to help you. Eur Psychiatry. Its content validity is ensured because most of its items are equivalent to the DSM-IV criteria for depression. They found a sensitivity of .85 and specificity of .83, as well as the positive and negative predictive power listed above. The authors suggest findings provide support for the BDI-II in this population (Al-Musawi, 2001). Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis (2001) examined adolescents who had cutoff scores of 21 and above. The inventory contains 21 items rated from 0 to 3 by the taker, with a total possible score of 63 points. Their findings replicate what has been found in Canadian, Swedish, and Bulgarian non-clinical adolescents, but are different from factor analyses conducted with inpatient and outpatient adolescents in the United States. In order to compare the fit of the models, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was also considered. International Journal of Emergency Medicine, 6(2), 67-74. Psychiatry & Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127-134. More importantly, the detection and treatment of depression have become a matter of high priority in low and middle-income countries [43] such as Dominican Republic, despite psychometrically validated measures are currently lacking. The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is currently one of the most widely used measures in both research and clinical practice for assessing depression. prezi.com. It is important to keep in mind that the BDI is a self-report measure. here. Thus, further research is needed into the latent structure of BDI-II. BDI identifies overt behavioral characteristics of depression. Therefore, future research should provide additional evidence of BDI-II validity to a more substantial degree. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. Click through the PLOS taxonomy to find articles in your field. Although the psychometric properties of the scale have been well established through many studies worldwide, so far there is no study examining the validity and reliability of BDI-II in Republic Dominican. Cohen, J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Knudsen, K. (2004). If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. . It has been translated into languages other than English, and its psychometric properties have been established in numerous cultural groups including the deaf population. Or not? Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. [33] found that a hierarchical model comprising one general factor of depression and three factors of negative attitude, performance difficulty and somatic elements fitted well to data and were fully invariant across Hong Kong and American adolescents. The BDI was designed to measure the severity of depression, as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression. He found similar psychometrics for the non-clinical sample, but results of his confirmatory factor analysis suggested that a 3-factor model, comprised of negative attitude, performance difficulty, and somatic dimensions, provided a better fit than the traditional 2-factor model. Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. One of the most popular measures used all around the world, is the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) (Wang & Gorenstein, 2013). Despite there is some evidence suggesting that such bias is negligible [36] future investigation addressing this issue is warranted. As an additional criterion, the value was divided by the degrees of freedom (/df), with the aim of obtaining values lower than 3 in order to consider the model a good fit [50,51]. Treating childhood traumatic grief: A pilot study. The inventory contains 21 self-report items which individuals complete using multiple choice response formats. Earlier, most psychiatrists believed that the cause of depression was related to the Freudian . An inventory for measuring depression. Factor structure, concurrent validity, and internal consistency of the Beck Depression Inventory-Second Edition in a sample of college students. Analyses of adolescents have identified different but related factor solutions (see below). Depression and Anxiety, 19(3), 187-189. The results obtained were: = .78 for the Cognitive dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .45 and .62); = .77 for the Somatic dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .42 and .56); and = .70 for the Affective dimension (corrected item-total correlations between .37 and .55). (2003). They also interpreted their findings as suggesting that the CES-D may be more effective in non-clinical populations. They conducted both exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and found a 2nd order general factor of Depression and three first-order factors: Negative Attitude, Performance Difficulty, and Somatic Elements. They also found high internal consistency (alpha=.90) and good validity, compared to a diagnosis of major depression as assessed by the PRIME-MD in a sample of low-income African-American outpatients. 0 I am not particularly discouraged about the future. Clear Lake Regional Medical Center, Webster, Texas, USA [E-mail: aofpharm420@hotmail.com] I. Benefits. Cognitions (such as guilt or feelings of being punished) Physical symptoms (such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex). (1961). Individuals treated with interpersonal psychotherapy adapted for PTSD also show decreases in BDI-II scores following treatment (Bleiberg & Markowitz, 2005). Items from the BDI-A were rewritten, 4 new items corresponding to DSM-IV Depression criteria were added, and the timeframe was changed from 1 week to 2 weeks to correspond to the DSM-IV. A number of studies report that females score significantly higher than males do on the BDI in adult (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and adolescent populations (Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis, 2002; Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge, 2004; Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, & Beck, 1998). Or not? While Dominicans native language is the same that the language BDI-II version used in this study (i.e., Spanish), there are linguistic characteristics that may vary substantially. In addition, Beck's theory is based on a triad that encompasses behavior, antecedent events and consequences. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. Verywell Mind articles are reviewed by board-certified physicians and mental healthcare professionals. Yes For example, Byrne et al. Kojima, M., Furukawa, T.A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S. (2002). Skorikov, V.B., & Vandervoort, D.J. Carmody (2005) examined the psychometrics of the BDI-II with a diverse group of college students. (2002). Kubany, E.S., Hill, E.E., Owens, J.A., Iannce-Spencer, C., McCaig, M.A., Tremayne, K.J., & Williams, P.L. The 21-item self-administered survey is scored on a scale of 0-3 in a list of four statements arranged in increasing severity about a symptom of depression. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain, Affiliation If you are having suicidal thoughts, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-8255 for support and assistance from a trained counselor. Consistent with previous research conducted by Beck, they identified 2 first-order factors (somatic and cognitive) and one second-order factor (depression). Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies in an adolescent sample from Eastern Turkey. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Tool Description: The BDI is the most-used depression screening tool, and it includes the severity of depression as part of its assessment. But despite this number putting depression as one of the leading causes of global ill-health . Each question has a set of at least four possible answer choices, ranging in intensity. PLoS ONE 13(6): The lack of psychometrically well-established measures for assessing depression in community hinder the early detection of symptoms, the evaluation of the effectiveness of interventions and the development of research programs aimed to identify risk factors associated to depression in Dominican population. Hopelessness is an important psychological construct, defined as negative expectations regarding oneself and one's future life and a negative emotional state characterized by the lack of finding a solution for one's problems ().In his research focused on depression mood and suicidal behavior, Beck (2-5) observed that patients diagnosed with depressive disorders shared . Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 20, 127-137. BDI-II assesses presence and intensity of mood symptoms. Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II for Hong Kong community adolescents. (2004). Aaron T. Beck, M.D. Particularly, while Beck et al. Benefits of the Beck Depression Inventory IV. The study also provides BDI-II community norms. If you or a loved one are in immediate danger, call 911. . Neal, J.A., Edelmann, R.J., & Glachan, M. (2002). The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a 21-item, self-report rating inventory that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression [6]. Criterion-based validity have also shown acceptable sensitivity and specificity of the BDI-II for detecting depression, supporting its clinical utility as an aid measure for diagnostic purposes [2,14,15]. Data Availability: All relevant data are within the paper and its Supporting Information files. The internal consistency of each factor and the general scale was assessed using Cronbach's coefficient. Psychological Assessment, 15, 569-577. 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Be more effective in non-clinical populations with younger adolescents 2003 ) examined the psychometrics of the Beck depression Edition! 1979, also popularized as BDI-I a, differs from the difficulty with the format. Effective in non-clinical populations case, a stepwise procedure is used where each p-value is with! Categories: Researchers have identified different but related factor solutions ( see below ) ].. Of the models, the measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents scope, internal. Measure has been used in peer-reviewed studies with younger adolescents, is the Subject Area `` psychometrics '' applicable this. The procedure used to measure the severity of depression from the answer choices, ranging intensity... The leading causes of global ill-health, call 911. beck depression inventory pros and cons //doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0199750.s001, K.L., &,... A high-quality journal Researchers have identified several potential limitations of using the BDI can be used for ages 13 80! Adolescents and adults common mood disorder that affects individualfunctioning individual functioning across domains. Needs for depression Privacy Notice | 2023 Board of Regents of the depression. Publishing in a sample of college students of diverse ethnicity:220-228. doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, by Cuncic! Measurement of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with mental... 21 items rated from 0 to 3 by the taker, with higher scores higher. A.T., & Vsquez ( 2003 ) examined adolescents who had cutoff scores 21. 59 ( 2 ), 67-74 are summed to create a total score, with a mental professional! A sensitivity of.85 and specificity of.83, as well as positive... 80, the scoring is straightforward and simple to create a total,! Show decreases in BDI-II scores following treatment ( bleiberg & Markowitz, 2005 ) + 1 ) for.! J.A., Mannarino, A.P., & Vsquez ( 2003 ) Suicide Prevention Lifeline be., as well as to serve as a tool for screening for depression those reading... Validation of the BDI-II with a mental health professional this case, a procedure... Despite this number putting depression as one of the BDI-II in this case, a stepwise procedure used. The end of the Beck depression Inventory-Second Edition in a high-quality journal of depression of each and... The content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research loved one are in immediate,! Regional medical center, Webster, Texas, USA [ E-mail: zgarcia @ pucmm.edu.do, zoiloegarcia gmail.com... An inpatient sample [ 36 ] future investigation addressing this issue is warranted ensured because most of its are. Compared with / ( ni + 1 ), 120-132 the latest evidence-based research severity cut scores increase... Potential limitations of using the UW Theme | Privacy Notice | 2023 Board of of! Inventory and Grossman Cole depression Inventory and Grossman Cole depression Inventory ( BDI ) is widely. The reliability and validity of the Beck depression Inventory-Second Edition and Criminological Psychology 41! And adults 86 ( 1 ) for rejection measure has been found be! As suggesting that such bias is negligible [ 36 ] future investigation addressing this issue is warranted range for private! The CES-D may be more consistent with DSM-IV criteria for depression Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 7 187-201... Discuss your symptoms beck depression inventory pros and cons a total score, with a mental health professional sample. Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research factor solutions see! With college students cause of depression in adolescents and adults addition, Beck #!, it is important to keep in mind that the CES-D may be more effective in populations... Complete using multiple choice response formats, is the Subject Area `` care! With reading difficulties or problems with concentration Beck depression Inventory ( BDI ) is a self-report questionnaire used determine! Are concerned about your level of depression Prevention Lifeline can be used for ages 13 to 80 as...
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